Despite the fact that it contains no valves, and could basically be replaced with a flat slab of aluminum, the cylinder head in a two stroke engine has had an incredible amount of research done on it. The head geometry controls of the major factors influencing efficiency (power) of the engine: combustion pressure, and combustion geometry. The burning of fuel and air in the cylinder is basically a very fast chemical reaction. The laws governing speed of a reaction, imply a faster and more thorough burning of the fuel + air in the head, with a) more air velocity and b) more pressure=temperature=decrease in volume.
Quite simply put, the compression ratio creates a higher pressure in the cylinder when the spark plug fires, causing the flame to 'explode' with a lot more force, pushing down on the piston. This creates higher torque because of more force pushing on piston, but also requires more force to push the piston back up and compress the fuel air mix.
We calculate CR by taking the total volume (displacement plus head) and dividing that by the head volume alone. For a 70cc kit with a 7 cc head (stock 50cc) + gaskets ( 1-2 cc) it works out like (70+8)/8= 9.75:1.
PSI can be an indicator of compression ratio, but requires much tricker math to actually figure out CR. Other factors like ring sealing, port dimensions, pipes, intakes, etc, effect the PSI reading.
The 'squish band' affects the 'v' or velocity part of the equation. Air moving quickly has more energy and explodes faster. Imagine having a bowl of vinegar and dumping in baking soda. If you stir the heck out of it, it will fizz up much more violently. That is what is happening as the piston approaches the squish band. The quick decrease in volume will blast all the gasses into the hemispherical chamber around the spark plug at the same time, the violence of moving air speeds the reaction. Jennings and Bell reccomend the 40% of area- 7 deg taper method of sizing a squish band.
Because of the 'faster' flame in a high compression setup, ignition timing will have to be retarded. The ignition triggers and begins igniting the fumes before top dead center, to account for the time it takes to burn the air. When the everything burns faster, the max intensity of the explosion is at the wrong time and pushes the piston down as it comes up (knocking or pinging). This is exacerbated by a pipe, (or supercharger) which increases the pressure in the cylinder.
Sometimes the compression is just too high, the fuel ignightes without any spark, this is also problematic. Going to a higher octane fuel (only necessary in this condiditon) will allow you to continue to run the higher CR and pipe, otherwise you have to drop CR or go to a different pipe.
The 2 stroke gets more complicated also, because there is a huge hole (exhaust port) in the side of the cylinder. So even though on paper the compression ratio for identical 70cc cylinders, with different exhaust timings, will be the same, the holes in the side, and efficiency of exhaust porting will make their actual combustion pressure drastically different.
Finally, what are you looking for with your bike? The mods that mostly effect the final combustion pressure are: More aggressive intake porting= higher compression, more aggressive exhaust porting = lower compression, more radical pipe= higher compression at high rpm's when pipe hits.
If you switch to a higher compression head, and think you are detonating (sounds like rocks rattling in a can... and isn't your crankshaft) try to retard your timing a bit, see if your power improves. Some kits require so many base gaskets to clear a stock head, or small HC, that by the time all that gets put on there they actually have crummy compression, or a lack of bottom end from having all the ports shifted up. When the compression comes back, a bike that was tuned for different setup, can get thrown off. The detonating sound will be nastiest when you are really cramming on the pipe hard. If the timing doesn't fix it, and you're jetted correctly, and running premium gas and synthetic oil, then try putting in more head gaskets to drop compression a bit.
The cylinders that i've already made a lot of heads for (DR hobbit, MK65, and Polini) the compression ratios are just about figured out, but there is a lot of improvement for specific setups. Knowing what to look for makes it a lot easier to fine tune compression with head gaskets, and play with squishin' dynamics.
Thursday, February 25, 2010
Cylinder compression ratio in two stroke engines
I wrote this post a few weeks back, but its currently about 2 pages and only halfway done. Even i dont want to read it, so i'll try to condense the knowledge and answer most of the questions i've been getting lately about combustion dynamics and compression, without boring the heck out of everyone.
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Can you recommend a reference material for calculating CR with PSI?
ReplyDeletenice! i had to start and stop reading that at least 4 times, but now i'm mostly understanding it...or at least enough to do some more educated tuning.
ReplyDeletegreat post..a good read. hey just wondering...are you getting my emails? i tried you twice
ReplyDeleteGreat write up. I've always just relied on psi because it's quick and let's me know if there is a problem. From reading this there is lot's of good info about the effects of pipe/porting on compression, but is there any reason to calculate CR other than changing the squish band or gasket height?
ReplyDeleteAlso, you mention that high compression setups like retarded ignition timing. How is this affected by auto advancing CDI curves? I'm assuming that the high rpms compensate for the advancing ignition, but are there ever problems caused by cdi boxes that over advance for high compression setups?
One last thing- can you explain when it would be beneficial to change the shape of the piston crown? I know it can be better to take material off the piston rather than stack gaskets, but I've seen lots of different shaped crowns...how will these effect the CR?
ReplyDeleteThanks!
shoot, i just realized i wrote this the other night, ha, i totally forgot.
ReplyDeleteyes, PSI relating to compression ratio... PV=NRT, pressure times volume equals a constant (NR) times temperature.
If your temperature remains the same, you can simply do PV (initial)= PV (final). Problem is, v initial includes the head volume which you dont know. If i was going to write a computer program to do this, it would assume V (initial) is the kit volume, and V final is zero, then calculate a corrected v final, then use that added to displacement for the new v initial. ugh.. this is getting really complicated. There is wayyyy too much involved, because you also are taking into account the huge f'n hole in the side of your cylinder that is the exhaust port.
Better way- look up 'cc'ing' a head... someone probably did a write up. Easiest way in my book, is taking a big syringe (5-15 cc's) and filling up the head level with the mating surface, much better.
Ok, timing, woof. If you haven't read my big nasty overly technical article on timing, that might be nice to understand this, it connects the two, in fact, this article started as me feeling like i didn't explain this well enough in the timing article. The combustion energy, and flame propagation (the speed the flame burns the fuel in the cylinder) will depend on the compression, and the energy added by the 'squish' effect. Adding the HC head will make the flame travel faster, and burn up the fuel in the combustion chamber quicker, so your timing can initiate the spark closer to TDC (retard). you also have to take into account the fact that the piston at higher RPM's is approaching TDC faster, but the pipe starts hitting so the combustion pressure and flame front speed are faster still when your pipe is hitting. All together its a clusterfuck. Its very hard without full computer modeling to know how all these things will add up. I think a lot of 2t CDI's, racier ones even, retard a bit at high rpm to account for the pipe. The bottom line is that right now we dont have a lot of CDI options for mopeds, so we've got to run more conservative compression ratios than we might otherwise with more programmable systems. You can also run a cooler plug to reduce possible effects of pre-ignition.. uh.. not a whole lot that can be done, if its a problem and you've done everything else, you are probably going to be stuck going to a different box, or running a bogusly retarded at idle setting.
Piston crown shape. Dont know much about it. I think most piston crowns are domed because it is the strongest shape for even pressure. The squish band is supposed to depart at a seven degree taper from the edge of the piston, but thats about the only thing that has a direct effect i believe.
ehhyah... bedtime
good luck blasterzzzzzzzzz
when talking about the exhaust port difference on two different engines of the same displacement with the same cr. Are you saying more of the charge is leaving the cylinder prior to closure of the exhaust post due to increased exhaust port size and hence makes the combustion chamber pressure less? At least that's what I think your saying but just asking because you didn't go into that much and I'm curious. Awesome article btw
ReplyDeleteyea delaying exhaust port opening increases effective compression ratio, which allows you to extract maximum power from the stroke. But it also decreases "exhaust lead", i.e: the time between exhaust port opening and transfer port opening. If this exhaust lead is too small, you get backflow of exhaust gas into the transfer ports until the pressure in the cylinder drops below the pressure in the crankcase. It's a tricky balance of maximizing power per stroke and minimizing backflow.
ReplyDeleteReally i am very impressed from this post.. just awesome...i haven’t any word to appreciate this post. Exhaust Sound Control
ReplyDeleteReally informative post, about cylinder compression ratio in two stroke engines. Keep sharing this kind of helpful piece of information with us.
ReplyDelete